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- Notes:
- Austro-Hungarian troops execute blind-folded Serbian prisoners of war in a firing squad. These Serbian prisoners may have been irregular troops conducting a guerilla war against the Austro-Hungarian occupation forces. Under international law, irregular troops did not enjoy the same protections as regular troops.
- Date Created:
- 1918-01-01T00:00:00Z
- Data Provider:
- Western Michigan University. Libraries
- Notes:
- Prisoners enjoyed their meals in the hotel dining room in Bezau (Kreuzstein), which was vastly different from the mes halls that enlisted men used in Austrian captivity. The Orthodox cross on the back table suggests that the officers' mess might have served double duty as a chapel on Sunday mornings.
- Date Created:
- 1915-01-01T00:00:00Z
- Data Provider:
- Western Michigan University. Libraries
- Notes:
- Italian prisoners relax in the recreation room in the hospital ward at Dunaszerdahley. The Austrians equipped the room with tables and chairs and decorated the room with maps and coats of arms. Prisoners could read about war news on the wall board in the background.
- Date Created:
- 1918-01-01T00:00:00Z
- Data Provider:
- Western Michigan University. Libraries
- Notes:
- Panoramic view of the castle at Raabs on a hill overlooking the town, the Thaya river, and the bridge. The Austrians interned Allied civilians in the castle during World War I.
- Date Created:
- 1918-01-01T00:00:00Z
- Data Provider:
- Western Michigan University. Libraries
- Notes:
- A group of Russian POW clerks work under the supervision of Austrian non-commissioned officers (they are wearing their caps) in the camp's Record Office. This office was administrative center of the prison camp since these records kept track of all the prisoners incarcerated in the facility.
- Date Created:
- 1918-01-01T00:00:00Z
- Data Provider:
- Western Michigan University. Libraries
- Notes:
- Twelve Polish officers smoke, read, and converse around a table, decorated with a single flower, in cell number 10 at Marmosa-Sziget at night.
- Date Created:
- 1918-01-01T00:00:00Z
- Data Provider:
- Western Michigan University. Libraries
- Notes:
- Russian prisoners march out of the fortress at Przemsyl after Central Power forces recaptured the stronghold in June 1915. Przemsyl, a strategic pre-war Austrian fortress in the Carpathians, changed hands several times during the war.
- Date Created:
- 1915-01-01T00:00:00Z
- Data Provider:
- Western Michigan University. Libraries
- Notes:
- An almost sentimental view of the barbed-wire fence at Dunaszerdahley on a cloudy, but moonlit night. The wire fence was not only a physical obstacle for POW's, but a mental barrier as well as unhinged prisoners often contracted "barbed-wire disease."
- Date Created:
- 1918-01-01T00:00:00Z
- Data Provider:
- Western Michigan University. Libraries
- Notes:
- View of the Allied patients in a hospital ward in an unidentified Austrian prison. Red Triangle secretaries visited these unfortunates to bring them spiritual and mental relief during their recovery process. Association workers provided Bibles and spiritual tracts, stationery, books, and gramophones for entertainment.
- Date Created:
- 1918-01-01T00:00:00Z
- Data Provider:
- Western Michigan University. Libraries
- Notes:
- Muslim POW's learn to read and write in this YMCA school in the prison camp at Boldogasszonyfa in Hungary. Dual Monarchy officials encouraged the instruction of native languages among POW's, not only for the personal benefit of the prisoners, but also to weaken traditional political bonds in Eastern Europe. The Association, on the other hand, focused on the future welfare of these men and their families through educational programs.
- Date Created:
- 1918-01-01T00:00:00Z
- Data Provider:
- Western Michigan University. Libraries
- Notes:
- Polish General Glorecki Roman sits in his cell at Marmosa-Sziget reading at a table next to his bed. He had access to stationery and pens and a map hangs on the wall of his cell. Polish officers who refused to take the oath of allegiance to the Regency Council in Warsaw in October 1916 ended up in this prison.
- Date Created:
- 1918-01-01T00:00:00Z
- Data Provider:
- Western Michigan University. Libraries
- Notes:
- A Roman Catholic priest blesses a sick or wounded prisoner in the hospital ward at Mauthausen (he may be offering last rites). The Italians argued that the Austrians provided insufficient medical attention to Italian sick and wounded in prison camps.
- Date Created:
- 1918-01-01T00:00:00Z
- Data Provider:
- Western Michigan University. Libraries
- Notes:
- Russian prisoners stand bare-headed in the prison compound at Purgstall during a Christmas celebration during the dedication of the new Association hall in January 1917. A group of Austrian officers stand to the left, next to the POW choir. The YMCA hall is decorated with garland and a large Christmas tree. On the platform by the door stands a WPA secretary, Edgar MacNaughten, and the camp commandant.
- Date Created:
- 1917-01-01T00:00:00Z
- Data Provider:
- Western Michigan University. Libraries
- Notes:
- The examples of Lagergeld (prison camp script) on this page come from the 14th Army Corps Inspector General's office in Carlsruhe (50 Pfennige), a 1 Mark note from Heidelberg, and a 100 Mark note from the officers' prison camp in Villingen (this was an especially large bank note). Both of these prison camps were located in the Grand Duchy of Baden.
- Date Created:
- 1916-01-01T00:00:00Z
- Data Provider:
- Western Michigan University. Libraries
- Notes:
- A group of Russian prisoners, including two boys, line up outside of a barrack in the prison compound at Kaschau.
- Date Created:
- 1915-01-01T00:00:00Z
- Data Provider:
- Western Michigan University. Libraries
- Notes:
- The Austrians used this one-Krone bill, featuring a bust of Kaiser Franz Josef, in the prison camp at Freistadt. Prisoners could use this currency only for purchases inside the prison camp. Because bills could not be used outside of the facility's confines, the money would not help POW's in escape attempts.
- Date Created:
- 1916-01-01T00:00:00Z
- Data Provider:
- Western Michigan University. Libraries
- Notes:
- The stringed orchestra performs during the Christmas service in the YMCA building in Braunau-am-Inn in 1916. Note the extensive decorations in the building which include garland, paper chains, pine boughs, and a large, decorated Christmas tree behind the stage. There are Christmas presents on the floor to the right of the stage, near a phonograph. Association secretaries went to great lengths to provide POW's with Christmas cheer at a time when many prisoners suffered from depression and home sickness.
- Date Created:
- 1916-01-01T00:00:00Z
- Data Provider:
- Western Michigan University. Libraries
- Notes:
- This is an Example of a ten-heller bank note which the Austrians circulated in the prison camp at Groedig. Prisoners could only use this currency to make purchases within the camp.
- Date Created:
- 1915-01-01T00:00:00Z
- Data Provider:
- Western Michigan University. Libraries
- Notes:
- Italian prisoners of war carry twenty coffins of dead comrades to the cemetery near an unidentified Austrian prison camp. A POW carrying a cross leads the procession.
- Date Created:
- 1918-01-01T00:00:00Z
- Data Provider:
- Western Michigan University. Libraries
- Notes:
- Russian officers display their gymnastic abilities on parallel bars near the prison camp at Bezau (Kreuzstein). The prisoners had access to a wide range of activities in this facility.
- Date Created:
- 1915-01-01T00:00:00Z
- Data Provider:
- Western Michigan University. Libraries
- Notes:
- Russian prisoners observe All Saints' Day in the prison cemetery at Theresienstadt in memory of their dead comrades. Two Austrian officers stand in the center of the photograph, which was taken on 14 November 1916 (the Orthodox holiday). The War Prisoners' Aid office provided the flowers that the prisoners used for decorations for the service.
- Date Created:
- 1916-01-01T00:00:00Z
- Data Provider:
- Western Michigan University. Libraries
- Notes:
- A group of Polish Legionnaire officers, including a Catholic chaplain (sitting on the right) and several women (standing in the back row) pose for a photograph at the prison camp at Huszt between two Hungarian guards.
- Date Created:
- 1918-01-01T00:00:00Z
- Data Provider:
- Western Michigan University. Libraries
- Notes:
- Prisoners are in the middle of a soccer match in the prison compound at Dunaszerdahley. The camp's wooden barracks stand in the background of the photograph. A few Italian POW's watch the competition from the sidelines.
- Date Created:
- 1918-01-01T00:00:00Z
- Data Provider:
- Western Michigan University. Libraries
- Notes:
- Prisoners recuperate from wounds or illnesses in the hospital ward at Reichenberg. The ward is clean and well-maintained by the orderlies standing in the back of the room, but all of the beds are full of patients.
- Date Created:
- 1915-01-01T00:00:00Z
- Data Provider:
- Western Michigan University. Libraries
- Notes:
- Austro-Hungarian troops stand next to the bodies of hanged Italian prisoners of war in this photograph. These POW's were probably captured Czechoslovak or Polish Legionnaires, captured by the Austrians on the Italian Front. To keep their nationalities subjugated within the Dual Monarchy, imperial authorities took extreme measures against subjects which joined the ranks of the empire's enemies.
- Date Created:
- 1918-01-01T00:00:00Z
- Data Provider:
- Western Michigan University. Libraries
- Notes:
- The examples of Lagergeld (prison camp script) on this page come from the XIV Army Corps Inspector General's office in Carlsruhe, the 100 Mark note from the officers' prison camp in Villingen (this was an especially large bank note), and the 1 Mark script note from the officers' prison camp in Heidelberg. All three of these prison camps were located in the Grand Duchy of Baden.
- Date Created:
- 1916-01-01T00:00:00Z
- Data Provider:
- Western Michigan University. Libraries
- Notes:
- View of Polish prisoners sitting in the courtyard at Marmosa-Sziget from the window of one of the cells on the second floor of the prison. The internees had a lot of time on their hands with little to do.
- Date Created:
- 1918-01-01T00:00:00Z
- Data Provider:
- Western Michigan University. Libraries
- Notes:
- Austrian officials and officers join Russian (to the left) and Serbian (to the right) prisoners for the opening of the James Stokes Hut at Braunau-in-Boehmen, the first Association building for POW's in the Dual Monarchy. Professor Karl Witz-Oberlin, the Secretary-General of the Austrian YMCA, stands in the center of the photograph (he is the bare-headed civilian), while Christian Phildius, a Secretary-General of the World's Committee in Geneva, stands at the angle of the walk (he is in civilian clothing and top hat). Note that the Russian and Serbian prisoners wear identification badges on their caps.
- Date Created:
- 1916-01-01T00:00:00Z
- Data Provider:
- Western Michigan University. Libraries
- Notes:
- Thousands of Russian prisoners climb aboard trains at the railway station at Stryj enroute Austro-Hungarian prison camps after their capture in the Spring 1915 Galacian campaign. Austro-Hungarian troops stand on the station platform. The hut on the first car in the foreground offers protection to the Austrian sentry assigned to guard the prisoners on that car.
- Date Created:
- 1915-01-01T00:00:00Z
- Data Provider:
- Western Michigan University. Libraries
- Notes:
- J. J. Hertig, a Danish YMCA secretary, visits two ill Russian prisoners of war in an unidentified Austro-Hungarian prison camp. A Russian corpsman also poses in the picture to the right. WPA Secretaries made every effort to visit and minister to sick and wounded Allied prisoners.
- Date Created:
- 1918-01-01T00:00:00Z
- Data Provider:
- Western Michigan University. Libraries
- Notes:
- A wounded Russian prisoner stands with his arm in a sling at the prison camp at Mauthausen. After release from German military hospitals, POW's completed their recoveries in prison camps.
- Date Created:
- 1918-01-01T00:00:00Z
- Data Provider:
- Western Michigan University. Libraries
- Notes:
- An unidentified WPA secretary poses with a group of ten Russian prisoners of war in an unknown Austrian prison camp. These men may have been members of the YMCA Welfare Committee which oversaw welfare activities in the prison camp.
- Date Created:
- 1918-01-01T00:00:00Z
- Data Provider:
- Western Michigan University. Libraries
- Notes:
- This is an example of a two-Kronen bank note for the prison camp at Marchtrenk. Prisoners could only use this currency to make purchases inside of the prison camp.
- Date Created:
- 1916-01-01T00:00:00Z
- Data Provider:
- Western Michigan University. Libraries
- Notes:
- The medical staff at Wieselburg lined up outside of the hospital ward for this photograph. The staff includes both Austrian and Russian doctors, orderlies, and sanitary personnel. Health care was a critical priority in prison camps since the outbreak of an epidemic would have devastating consequences for the POW population.
- Date Created:
- 1915-01-01T00:00:00Z
- Data Provider:
- Western Michigan University. Libraries
- Notes:
- Members of a Russian band stand in the snow with their musical instruments and the contents of a WPA recreation chest displayed on the ground. An unidentified YMCA secretary in civilian clothing stands on the right hand side. The Association made every effort to provide Allied prisoners with materials they needed in prison camps.
- Date Created:
- 1917-01-01T00:00:00Z
- Data Provider:
- Western Michigan University. Libraries
- Notes:
- This is a copy of the menu for Easter dinner in 1916 in the prison camp at Mauthausen; the dinner included wine for POW's.
- Date Created:
- 1916-01-01T00:00:00Z
- Data Provider:
- Western Michigan University. Libraries
- Notes:
- Italian prisoners of war, captured in the Gorizia (Goerz) campaign, march down the mountain under an Austrian cavalry guard, past an Austrian supply column heading up the mountain.
- Date Created:
- 1918-01-01T00:00:00Z
- Data Provider:
- Western Michigan University. Libraries
- Notes:
- Austro-Hungarian troops escort deserters back to Dual Monarchy lines for court martial. Minority nationalities attempted to cross the lines to escape the war, rather than serve their imperial masters, or to fight for their national freedom.
- Date Created:
- 1916-01-01T00:00:00Z
- Data Provider:
- Western Michigan University. Libraries
- Notes:
- A group of Russian prisoners stand near the barbed-wire fence which encloses the prison compound at Dunaszerdahley. They appear to be part of a labor detachment as many are carrying a variety of tools.
- Date Created:
- 1918-01-01T00:00:00Z
- Data Provider:
- Western Michigan University. Libraries
- Notes:
- This outdoor ceremony marks the official inauguration of the YMCA building in the prison camp at Hart. Russian prisoners join Austrian officers and an American YMCA secretary, Edgar MacNaughten (the Senior WPA Secetary for Austria-Hungary), in opening the decorated hall.
- Date Created:
- 1916-01-01T00:00:00Z
- Data Provider:
- Western Michigan University. Libraries
- Notes:
- This photo provides a general view of the prison camp at Spratzern, probably taken from the water tower or an observation post. Russian prisoners (37,000 in this prison camp alone) mill about the year between the barracks. In the background one can see the surrounding mountains.
- Date Created:
- 1918-01-01T00:00:00Z
- Data Provider:
- Western Michigan University. Libraries
- Notes:
- This photograph shows a group of Italian prisoners of war slowly starving to death in Siegmundsherberg. It was taken secretly with a small camera and smuggled out of Austria by an Italian POW who was repatriated to Switzerland during the war. This photograph was also used to show the effects of tuberculosis among Italian prisoners in Austrian prison camps. Poor diets in Austrian prison camps was the result of the Allied blockade and the reluctance of the Italian government to spend food parcels to prisoners in Italy, especially after the Caporetto disaster.
- Date Created:
- 1918-01-01T00:00:00Z
- Data Provider:
- Western Michigan University. Libraries
- Notes:
- The 9th Hungarian Hussar Regiment overruns the Russian lines during the Battle of Limanova on the Carpathian Front.
- Date Created:
- 1915-01-01T00:00:00Z
- Data Provider:
- Western Michigan University. Libraries
- Notes:
- Captured in the joint Central Power offensive which crushed Serbia in October 1915, these Serbian prisoners prepare to board a train for captivity in an Austro-Hungarian prison camp. Although the soldiers in the background are Germans, the guards are Austrians.
- Date Created:
- 1915-01-01T00:00:00Z
- Data Provider:
- Western Michigan University. Libraries
- Notes:
- Polish Legionnaires have some fun "flying an airplane" in the prison compound at Bustyahaza. They built the plane from a barrel, a plank, and some spare pieces of wood. Officers watch the prisoners have some fun.
- Date Created:
- 1918-01-01T00:00:00Z
- Data Provider:
- Western Michigan University. Libraries
- Notes:
- For the violation of camp rules, prisoners would be punished by being tied to the stake for several hours. Austrian authorities tied this Italian prisoner to the stake in the prison camp at Mauthausen.
- Date Created:
- 1918-01-01T00:00:00Z
- Data Provider:
- Western Michigan University. Libraries
- Notes:
- The Russian prisoners in Reichenberg display the contents of the recreation chest they just received from the YMCA War Prisoners' Aid organization in Vienna. Each chest held games (Tambola, dominoes, chess, checkers, and Mensch aergere dich nicht), musical instruments (accordions and harmonicas), books, and Russian Orthodox crosses. An unidentified Association secretary, in the civilian clothing and wearing the C.V.J.M. armband), poses with the Russian prisoners. The YMCA committee in the prison camp then sent these recreation chests to POW's working outside of the camp in Arbeitskommandos (labor detachments).
- Date Created:
- 1917-01-01T00:00:00Z
- Data Provider:
- Western Michigan University. Libraries
- Notes:
- Polish Legionnaires look out the windows or sit on the ground outside of their barrack at Bustyahaza repairing and delousing their uniforms under Hungarian guard. When these enlisted men refused to take an oath of allegiance to the new Polish Regency in Warsaw in 1916, the Austro-Hungarians deemed them a security risk and interned them in this prison camp.
- Date Created:
- 1918-01-01T00:00:00Z
- Data Provider:
- Western Michigan University. Libraries
- Notes:
- Bare-headed and on bended-knee Polish prisoners participate in a Roman Catholic mass at an outdoor chapel at Bustyahaza. The open air chapel is decorated with plants and paintings.
- Date Created:
- 1918-01-01T00:00:00Z
- Data Provider:
- Western Michigan University. Libraries
- Notes:
- This is a partial view of the prison camp at Groedig which shows the wooden barracks and the hills in the background. Many prisoners took advantage of the sunny weather to dry their clothes on the walls of the barracks and to sit or walk around the compound.
- Date Created:
- 1915-01-01T00:00:00Z
- Data Provider:
- Western Michigan University. Libraries
- Notes:
- A squatting Italian prisoner tears into a loaf of bread while another Italian POW watches in the prison compound at Mauthausen. By the end of the war, the Allied blockade had a serious impact on the quantity and quality of rations that the Austrians provided to prisoners. This desperate situation was compounded by the Italian government's decision to restrict parcel shipments to POW's in the Dual Monarchy after the Caporetto fiasco.
- Date Created:
- 1918-01-01T00:00:00Z
- Data Provider:
- Western Michigan University. Libraries
- Notes:
- This photograph provides a general view of the officer's prison camp at Reichenberg. The Austrians housed Russian prisoners in a four-story hotel amid pine wooded hills, although the building is surrounded by barbed-wire. As in most armies, officers received far superior accommodations in relation to enlisted men, especially in prison.
- Date Created:
- 1915-01-01T00:00:00Z
- Data Provider:
- Western Michigan University. Libraries
- Notes:
- Serbian prisoners of war cross the Save River on a pontoon bridge and into Austro-Hungarian captivity. When the Serbian lines collapsed in October 1915, combined German and Austro-Hungarian forces flooded into the kingdom.
- Date Created:
- 1915-01-01T00:00:00Z
- Data Provider:
- Western Michigan University. Libraries
- Notes:
- A naked Italian prisoner with a severe case of tuberculosis leans on a table for support, demonstrating the depth of his affliction.
- Date Created:
- 1918-01-01T00:00:00Z
- Data Provider:
- Western Michigan University. Libraries
- Notes:
- This photograph shows a sample of paper script and coins used in prison camps in Austria and Germany. The coins and several examples of paper money came from Kleinmuenchen and consist of small denominations ranging from one Heller to 50 Hellers (the other script came from Koenigstein-an-der-Elbe and Chemnitz in Saxony in the German Empire). This script replaced legal currency which prisoners could use to make purchases at the canteen or other stores in the prison camp.
- Date Created:
- 1918-01-01T00:00:00Z
- Data Provider:
- Western Michigan University. Libraries
- Notes:
- Italian officers paid for the construction of this memorial to the dead Italian prisoners of war buried in this cemetery near an unidentified Austrian prison.
- Date Created:
- 1918-01-01T00:00:00Z
- Data Provider:
- Western Michigan University. Libraries
- Notes:
- A group of starving Italian prisoners after their repatriation from Austrian prison camps pose for a photograph. In addition to malnutrition, all of these men suffered tuberculosis.
- Date Created:
- 1918-01-01T00:00:00Z
- Data Provider:
- Western Michigan University. Libraries
- Notes:
- The top of the pile of parcels in a wagon can just be seen over the heads of a group of Italian prisoners in the prison compound at Dunaszerdahley. The POW's will unload the wagon and the Hungarian censors will inspect the parcels for contraband before they are distributed to the prisoners. The Italians were desperate to receive food parcels to help them survive their captivity.
- Date Created:
- 1918-01-01T00:00:00Z
- Data Provider:
- Western Michigan University. Libraries
- Notes:
- Russian officers enjoy the weather in the garden in front of the Waldhotel Kreuzstein, a hotel in Bezau the Austrians used as a prison camp for Allied prisoners. The POW's had access to all of the amenities found in this four-story hotel in the Tyrolean Alps.
- Date Created:
- 1915-01-01T00:00:00Z
- Data Provider:
- Western Michigan University. Libraries
- Notes:
- A group of Italian prisoners of war at Heinrichsgruen pose for a photograph for a YMCA secretary. These POW's appear to be cheerful and in good health.
- Date Created:
- 1918-01-01T00:00:00Z
- Data Provider:
- Western Michigan University. Libraries
- Notes:
- The Papal Nuncio of Vienna, Monseignor Valfri di Bonzol, made an official visit to the prison camp at Dunaszerdahley on behalf of a request by the Italian government to the Pope. The nuncio investigated conditions inside the camp to determine any mistreatment of prisoners by Hungarian officials.
- Date Created:
- 1918-01-01T00:00:00Z
- Data Provider:
- Western Michigan University. Libraries
- Notes:
- Prisoners of war constructed this church in an unidentified Austrian prison camp. Note the fine wood-work on the side of the building, the steeple, and the flower boxes under the windows. Churches provided POW's with spiritual relief during their captivity.
- Date Created:
- 1918-01-01T00:00:00Z
- Data Provider:
- Western Michigan University. Libraries
- Notes:
- Russian officers relax in their comfortable room in the prison camp at Josefstadt. Several sit a cloth-covered table reading newspapers while another stands against the stove reading a book. The room features furniture, a mirror, and wall decorations. Another group of officers sit at a desk in the next room.
- Date Created:
- 1915-01-01T00:00:00Z
- Data Provider:
- Western Michigan University. Libraries
- Notes:
- This drawing shows the barracks and support buildings in the prison camp at Ostifyasszonyfa. This prison camp was designed in two sections; a rectangular "Barraca Grande" and a U-shaped "La Barraca Picole."
- Date Created:
- 1918-01-01T00:00:00Z
- Data Provider:
- Western Michigan University. Libraries
- Notes:
- This photograph shows an assortment of prison camp script and coins from Germany and Austria. All of the denominations are small (one to five Pfennige for German script and one to fifty Heller for Austrian script and coins), but this cash replaced legal currency to prevent prisoners from using the money to fund escape attempts or to bribe guards. The German script came from two prison camps in Saxony, Koenigstein-an-der-Elbe and Chemnitz.
- Date Created:
- 1916-01-01T00:00:00Z
- Data Provider:
- Western Michigan University. Libraries
- Notes:
- Russian prisoners enjoy the reading material in the prison camp library at Purgstall. The book, journal, and newspaper collection is modest in size, but the room offers a stove, a globe on the top of the book shelf, and photographs decorating the wall. The camp library was one of the most popular places in most prisons.
- Date Created:
- 1917-01-01T00:00:00Z
- Data Provider:
- Western Michigan University. Libraries
- Notes:
- The YMCA helped boy prisoners in the prison camp at Braunau-in-Boehmen to learn to read and write in this classroom in the Y hall. The Association persuaded Austrian authorities to concentrate Russian and Serbian boys in the Austrian prison camp system at Braunau so they could receive better treatment and the opportunity to gain an education to make them better men and future citizens.
- Date Created:
- 1917-01-01T00:00:00Z
- Data Provider:
- Western Michigan University. Libraries
- Notes:
- Russian prisoners enjoy themselves outdoors wrestling for a group of spectators, which includes an Austrian officer at Josefstadt. A Russian band plays for the amusement of the men.
- Date Created:
- 1915-01-01T00:00:00Z
- Data Provider:
- Western Michigan University. Libraries
- Notes:
- Russian prisoners assemble in the prison compound at Purgstall for the dedication of the new YMCA building on Christmas Day, 8 January 1917. The camp commandant, several Austrian officers, Austrian officials,and several Association secretaries (including Edgar MacNaughten) stand on the platform at the entrance to the building next to a large Christmas tree. A group of Austrian officers stand as group to the left; a choir is about to perform to the left of the platform, while members of the prison band, with instruments provided by the YMCA, peek around the corner to the right, ready for their cue to begin playing.
- Date Created:
- 1917-01-01T00:00:00Z
- Data Provider:
- Western Michigan University. Libraries
- Notes:
- A Polish Legionnaire officer looks out of his cell window, behind iron bars, at Huszt while two Hungarian sentries stand guard. He probably committed an infraction of the camp regulations which resulted in his incarceration inside a prison camp.
- Date Created:
- 1918-01-01T00:00:00Z
- Data Provider:
- Western Michigan University. Libraries
- Notes:
- Josef Pilsudski and the Polish Legion fought against the Russians to liberate Russian Poland from tsarist rule. The Polish Legion supported the Austro-Hungarians for the establishment of an independent Polish state. When the Germans and Austro-Hungarians announced the creation of the Council of Regency to rule Poland, Pilsudski rejected the policy and he, with many of his legionnaires, went to prison. This photograph shows the view from a barred cell window, which looks out on the side of the prison at Marmosa-Sziget, part of the town, and the mountains in the background.
- Date Created:
- 1918-01-01T00:00:00Z
- Data Provider:
- Western Michigan University. Libraries
- Notes:
- A Russian prisoner of war orchestra at the prison camp at Deutsch-Gabel poses with Austrian officers (standing to the left) in the prison compound in front of a decorated Christmas tree. There is a YMCA secretary in the center of the photograph (the civilian wearing the bowler hat). The Association provided POW's with musical instruments to form bands and orchestras to provide entertainment and support religious services in prison camps.
- Date Created:
- 1918-01-01T00:00:00Z
- Data Provider:
- Western Michigan University. Libraries
- Notes:
- This montage shows various scenes from the Hungarian National YMCA Conference held in 1921. After the war, the Association expanded its efforts to develop the Hungarian YMCA. Magercsy, the Secretary General of the National Hungarian YMCA Committee, stands in the middle foreground of the top photograph amid the other delegates. Women supporters pose in the photo to the lower left, while a former prisoner of war and new Red Triangle secretary is featured in the lower right photograph.
- Date Created:
- 1921-01-01T00:00:00Z
- Data Provider:
- Western Michigan University. Libraries
- Notes:
- This photograph shows an assortment of prison camp script and coins from Germany and Austria. All of the denominations are small (one to five Pfennige for German script from Chemnitz and Koenigstein-an-der-Elbe in Saxony and one to fifty Heller for Austrian script and coins from Freistadt and Kleinmuenchen), but this cash replaced legal currency to prevent prisoners from using the money to fund escape attempts or to bribe guards.
- Date Created:
- 1916-01-01T00:00:00Z
- Data Provider:
- Western Michigan University. Libraries
- Notes:
- An Austrian officer, General Schilling, examines each Polish Legionnaire prisoner in an unidentified Austrian prison camp prior to the POW's release in March 1918. The Austrians implemented a policy of nationalism regarding their conquests in the east and this examination was part of the repatriation process.
- Date Created:
- 1918-01-01T00:00:00Z
- Data Provider:
- Western Michigan University. Libraries
- Notes:
- A Roman Catholic priest in vestments offers communion to a group of Polish officers in the prison chapel at Marmosa-Sziget. The altar is well-equipped and a number of paintings adorn the wall behind the altar.
- Date Created:
- 1918-01-01T00:00:00Z
- Data Provider:
- Western Michigan University. Libraries
- Notes:
- Large numbers of Russian prisoners of war march along a road with a light Austrian guard. By 1917, plummeting Russian military morale resulted in large scale surrenders to Central Power units. Note the woman marching with the column to the left. She may be following her husband or a relative.
- Date Created:
- 1917-01-01T00:00:00Z
- Data Provider:
- Western Michigan University. Libraries
- Notes:
- This is an interesting photo montage showing the town of Siegmundsherberg on the bottom and a general view of the prison camp on the top. The photograph shows the prison camp compound, the barracks, and the hills surrounding the facility.
- Date Created:
- 1918-01-01T00:00:00Z
- Data Provider:
- Western Michigan University. Libraries
- Notes:
- Serbian prisoners of war captured by Austrian troops fall into formation to march to the railroad station for transportation to a Dual Monarchy prison camp.
- Date Created:
- 1915-01-01T00:00:00Z
- Data Provider:
- Western Michigan University. Libraries
- Notes:
- The YMCA provided most of the musical instruments and music for this Serbian boys' band in an unidentified Austrian prison camp. The boys learned to play instruments and provided the general prison population with musical entertainment.
- Date Created:
- 1918-01-01T00:00:00Z
- Data Provider:
- Western Michigan University. Libraries
- Notes:
- Members of this soccer team pose for a photograph near one of the goals on a field near the prison camp at Bezau (Kreuzstein).
- Date Created:
- 1915-01-01T00:00:00Z
- Data Provider:
- Western Michigan University. Libraries
- Notes:
- Photograph of a Serbian stringed orchestra, which included a brass, woodwind, and percussion section, during a performance in the camp compound in an unidentified Austrian prison camp. The YMCA provided prisoners with musical instruments to support religious services and provide entertainment to the general prison population.
- Date Created:
- 1917-01-01T00:00:00Z
- Data Provider:
- Western Michigan University. Libraries
- Notes:
- Another group of Italian prisoners of war pose for a photograph showing the devastation of insufficient diets and tuberculosis on their bodies. They had recently arrived in Italy after repatriation from captivity in Austrian prison camps.
- Date Created:
- 1918-01-01T00:00:00Z
- Data Provider:
- Western Michigan University. Libraries
- Notes:
- Secretary John Klanmann, in civilian clothing, stands in the center of a group of prisoners in the prison camp compound at Wieselburg in January 1918. The Swedish Red Triangle worker just gave a Christmas address to the POW's in front of the Christmas tree behind the men.
- Date Created:
- 1918-01-01T00:00:00Z
- Data Provider:
- Western Michigan University. Libraries
- Notes:
- Aloise Storch, a soldier in the Czechoslovak Legion, was captured by the Austrians and found guilty of treason in a court martial. He was hanged from this gallow at Riva, Italy as a warning to other nationalist-minded Czechoslovak soldiers in the Austro-Hungarian Army.
- Date Created:
- 1918-01-01T00:00:00Z
- Data Provider:
- Western Michigan University. Libraries
- Notes:
- This graph demonstrates the huge numbers of Allied prisoners captured by the Germans and Austro-Hungarians by July 1915 (1.9 million) as reported in the Frankfurter Zeitung. The Germans had captured the vast majority of these prisoners (1.4 million).
- Date Created:
- 1915-01-01T00:00:00Z
- Data Provider:
- Western Michigan University. Libraries
- Notes:
- The protruding bones and pencil thin arms of these Italian prisoners of war aptly demonstrate the food problems that existed in Austro-Hungarian prison camps as a result of the Allied blockade. These men also suffered from tuberculosis, in addition to malnutrition. They were photographed by Italian officials after they were repatriated from the Dual Monarchy.
- Date Created:
- 1918-01-01T00:00:00Z
- Data Provider:
- Western Michigan University. Libraries
- Notes:
- View from a barred corridor window on the second floor of the prison at Marmosa-Sziget showing the side of the facility and the mountains in the background. This prison held many officers of the Polish Legion.
- Date Created:
- 1918-01-01T00:00:00Z
- Data Provider:
- Western Michigan University. Libraries
- Notes:
- Russian prisoners gather around for mail call in the prison compound at Freistadt. These letters were recently passed by the prison camp censor. Note that the prisoners have identification badges on the front of their caps.
- Date Created:
- 1915-01-01T00:00:00Z
- Data Provider:
- Western Michigan University. Libraries
- Notes:
- Several Italian prisoners at Mauthausen stand naked to show the wasting effect of "consumption" on their bodies. Italian public opinion condemned Austrian treatment of Italian prisoners suffering from tuberculosis.
- Date Created:
- 1918-01-01T00:00:00Z
- Data Provider:
- Western Michigan University. Libraries
- Notes:
- Sanitation was a critical problem in crowded in prison camps and POW's at Josefstadt bathed in these tubs in the bath house. Each pair of bath tubs had an individual hot water heater. The elimination of vermin was an important component for the prevention of the outbreak of epidemics.
- Date Created:
- 1915-01-01T00:00:00Z
- Data Provider:
- Western Michigan University. Libraries
- Notes:
- Prisoners at Reichenberg had the opportunity to swim in a small lake next to the prison camp. The Austrians constructed wooden walls around the beach and into the water to reduce the chances of escape. Swimming was an excellent activity for prisoners since the men could clean off, get some exercise, and cool off during the hot summer months.
- Date Created:
- 1915-01-01T00:00:00Z
- Data Provider:
- Western Michigan University. Libraries
- Notes:
- After the YMCA building inauguration and Christmas service at Purgstall, the Austrian officers and visitors stop for a photograph. The visitors included Austrian Baron von Haitin, the Swedish minister to Austria-Hungary; His Excellency Berks-Fries, Charge d'Affairs; Leche; Pastor Neander (a YMCA secretary); and Edgar MacNaughten, the Senior WPA Secretary for Austria-Hungary, who stand on the front porch of the building. Russian prisoners look on the scene from the background.
- Date Created:
- 1917-01-01T00:00:00Z
- Data Provider:
- Western Michigan University. Libraries
- Notes:
- A Russian band plays music for a group of dancing prisoners at Josefstadt. A crowd of Russian POW's look on, enjoying the opportunity for some outdoor entertainment.
- Date Created:
- 1915-01-01T00:00:00Z
- Data Provider:
- Western Michigan University. Libraries
- Notes:
- A group of Russian officers sit down for a meal in the officers' mess at Josefstadt. These prisoners enjoy tables with fresh white table cloths, a serving bar, and a large stove. They will be served by the orderly waiting by the door for the order to begin the meal.
- Date Created:
- 1915-01-01T00:00:00Z
- Data Provider:
- Western Michigan University. Libraries
- Notes:
- The members of the Polish Legion assigned to Barrack A in the prison camp at Zurawica pose for a photograph outside of their quarters. Although these men fought for the Austrian army while the Russians occupied Poland, they refused to take an oath of allegiance to the new Polish Regency established in Warsaw by the Germans and Austro-Hungarians in 1916. In response, the Austrians interned these men in this prison camp for the duration of the war.
- Date Created:
- 1918-01-01T00:00:00Z
- Data Provider:
- Western Michigan University. Libraries
- Notes:
- Officers lived in a compound separate from the enlisted men at Wieselburg. This is a photograph of the officers' mess in which the officers enjoyed white table cloths, folded napkins, china, and silverware. This is in stark comparison to the soup bowls and spoons enlisted men used for dinner.
- Date Created:
- 1915-01-01T00:00:00Z
- Data Provider:
- Western Michigan University. Libraries
- Notes:
- Four Russian prisoners of war, captured on the Galician Front, as they appeared when they arrived at an unidentified Austrian prison camp. Their clothing is filthy, their hair has not been washed for a long time, and they are probably carrying vermin. They are a potential epidemic in the tightly crowded barracks of a prison camp.
- Date Created:
- 1915-01-01T00:00:00Z
- Data Provider:
- Western Michigan University. Libraries
- Notes:
- Austrian troops examine the bodies of recently hanged Serbian prisoners at Krovchevatz in March 1916. This photograph was made into a post card and the French found it on the body of a dead German officer.
- Date Created:
- 1916-01-01T00:00:00Z
- Data Provider:
- Western Michigan University. Libraries
- Notes:
- Prisoners in Katzenau received these low denomination prison bank notes (10-Heller) in payment for their work. This money could only be used to make payments inside of the prison compound, which limited their value in terms of potential bribery of guards or to bank roll escape attempts.
- Date Created:
- 1916-01-01T00:00:00Z
- Data Provider:
- Western Michigan University. Libraries